CONSTRUCTION OF 12 VOLTS BATTERY CHARGER

This research focuses on the design and construction of a 12-volt battery charger capable of providing safe and efficient charging for various rechargeable batteries, typically used in DC-powered devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and small vehicles. The charger utilizes a combination of components, including a transformer, diodes, transistors, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to ensure stable voltage and current output. The core functionality of the charger revolves around converting the AC input (240V) into a regulated DC output (12V) through a step-down transformer and rectification process. The charging current is automatically adjusted to avoid overcharging or damaging the battery, with the circuit designed to cut off when the battery is fully charged, preventing issues like overcharging, excess voltage, or short circuits. The charger delivers full current to the battery until it drops to approximately 150mA, at which point the system reduces the voltage and halts further charging to protect the battery’s integrity. The project addresses key challenges in battery charging, such as preventing overcharging and ensuring longevity, which are common problems with simpler, unregulated chargers. By improving on the construction of traditional battery chargers, this research provides a practical solution for academic institutions and technicians looking to understand and build their own battery chargers for a variety of applications. The study’s significance lies in its contribution to enhancing the reliability of rechargeable batteries in everyday electronic devices and machines.

Keywords: 12V Battery Charger, Battery Protection, Overcharging Prevention, AC to DC Conversion, Transformer, Rectifier, LED Indicator, Rechargeable Batteries, Power Electronics, Battery Charger Design

Table of Contents

Title page                

Certification            

Dedication              

Acknowledgement   

Table of contents    

Abstract                  

CHAPTER ONE

 1.0  Introduction   

1.1   Background of the Study

1.2   Statement of the problem

1.3   Objective of the study     

1.4   Significance of the study 

1.5   Scope of study                

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   Literature Review            

2.1   Component description  

2.2   Working Principle           

2.3  Factors Considered for the construction of transformer for 12Volt Battery Charger

2.4   Efficiency of Transformer               

2.5   Rectifier diode                           

2.6   Switch                                    

2.7   Resistor                                 

2.8   Capacitor                                       

2.9   Transistor                                       

2.10  Battery                                   

2.11  Charging of a battery             

2.12   Discharging                          

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   Materials and Methods           

3.1   Circuit description and principle of Operation

3.2   List of Components and tools Used

3.3   Explanation of the Circuit Connection

3.4   Principle of Operation             

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Test and Result                               

4.1   Result                                     

CHAPTER FIVE                     

5.0   Problems encountered           

5.1   Conclusion                             

5.2   Recommendation                    

        Reference